Quick Guide

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Code for clients
• Code for a Wayland server

Introduction

This document contains a quick walk-through of the often-used parts of the library. We will employ a few use-cases to lead the examples:

1. An evdev client. evdev is the Linux kernel’s input subsystem; it only reports to the client which keys are pressed and released.
2. An X11 client, using the XCB library to communicate with the X server and the xcb-xkb library for using the XKB protocol.
3. A Wayland client, using the standard protocol.
4. A Wayland server, using the standard protocol.

The snippets are not complete, and some support code is omitted. You can find complete and more complex examples in the [source directory]:

1. tools/interactive-evdev.c contains an interactive evdev client.
2. tools/interactive-x11.c contains an interactive X11 client.
3. tools/interactive-wayland.c contains an interactive Wayland client.

Also, the library contains many more functions for examining and using the library context, the keymap and the keyboard state. See the hyper-linked reference documentation or go through the header files in xkbcommon/ for more details.

Code for clients

Before we can do anything interesting, we need a library context:

#include <xkbcommon/xkbcommon.h>
 
struct xkb_context *ctx;
 
ctx = xkb_context_new(XKB_CONTEXT_NO_FLAGS);
if (!ctx) <error>

The xkb_context contains the keymap include paths, the log level and functions, and other general customizable administrativia.

Next we need to create a keymap, xkb_keymap. This is an immutable object which contains all of the information about the keys, layouts, etc. There are different ways to do this.

If we are an evdev client, we have nothing to go by, so we need to ask the user for his/her keymap preferences (for example, an Icelandic keyboard with a Dvorak layout). The configuration format is commonly called RMLVO (Rules+Model+Layout+Variant+Options), the same format used by the X server. With it, we can fill a struct called xkb_rule_names; passing NULL chooses the system’s default.

struct xkb_keymap *keymap;
/* Example RMLVO for Icelandic Dvorak. */
struct xkb_rule_names names = {
    .rules = NULL,
    .model = "pc105",
    .layout = "is",
    .variant = "dvorak",
    .options = "terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp"
};
 
keymap = xkb_keymap_new_from_names2(ctx, &names,
                                    XKB_KEYMAP_FORMAT_TEXT_V1,
                                    XKB_KEYMAP_COMPILE_NO_FLAGS);
if (!keymap) <error>

If we are a Wayland client, the compositor gives us a string complete with a keymap. In this case, we can create the keymap object like this:

/* From the wl_keyboard::keymap event. */
const char *keymap_string = <...>;
struct xkb_keymap *keymap;
 
keymap = xkb_keymap_new_from_string(ctx, keymap_string,
                                    XKB_KEYMAP_FORMAT_TEXT_V1,
                                    XKB_KEYMAP_COMPILE_NO_FLAGS);
if (!keymap) <error>

If we are an X11 client, we are better off getting the keymap from the X server directly. For this we need to choose the XInput device; here we will use the core keyboard device:

#include <xkbcommon/xkbcommon-x11.h>
 
xcb_connection_t *conn = <...>;
int32_t device_id;
 
device_id = xkb_x11_get_core_keyboard_device_id(conn);
if (device_id == -1) <error>
 
keymap = xkb_x11_keymap_new_from_device(ctx, conn, device_id,
                                        XKB_KEYMAP_COMPILE_NO_FLAGS);
if (!keymap) <error>

Now that we have the keymap, we are ready to handle the keyboard devices. For each device, we create an xkb_state, which remembers things like which keyboard modifiers and LEDs are active:

struct xkb_state *state;
 
state = xkb_state_new(keymap);
if (!state) <error>

For X11/XCB clients, this is better:

state = xkb_x11_state_new_from_device(keymap, conn, device_id);
if (!state) <error>

When we have an xkb_state for a device, we can start handling key events from it. Given a keycode for a key, we can get its keysym:

<key event structure> event;
xkb_keycode_t keycode;
xkb_keysym_t keysym;
 
keycode = event->keycode;
keysym = xkb_state_key_get_one_sym(state, keycode);

We can see which keysym we got, and get its name:

char keysym_name[64];
 
if (keysym == XKB_KEY_Space)
    <got a space>
 
xkb_keysym_get_name(keysym, keysym_name, sizeof(keysym_name));

libxkbcommon also supports an extension to the classic XKB, whereby a single event can result in multiple keysyms. Here’s how to use it:

const xkb_keysym_t *keysyms;
int num_keysyms;
 
num_keysyms = xkb_state_key_get_syms(state, keycode, &keysyms);

We can also get a UTF-8 string representation for this key:

char *buffer;
int size;
 
// First find the needed size; return value is the same as snprintf(3).
size = xkb_state_key_get_utf8(state, keycode, NULL, 0) + 1;
if (size <= 1) <nothing to do>
buffer = <allocate size bytes>
 
xkb_state_key_get_utf8(state, keycode, buffer, size);

Of course, we also need to keep the xkb_state up-to-date with the keyboard device, if we want to get the correct keysyms in the future.

If we are an evdev client, we must let the library know whether a key is pressed or released at any given time:

enum xkb_state_component changed;
 
if (<key press>)
    changed = xkb_state_update_key(state, keycode, XKB_KEY_DOWN);
else if (<key release>)
    changed = xkb_state_update_key(state, keycode, XKB_KEY_UP);

The changed return value tells us exactly which parts of the state have changed.

If it is a key-repeat event, we can ask the keymap what to do with it:

if (<key repeat> && !xkb_keymap_key_repeats(keymap, keycode))
    <discard event>

On the other hand, if we are an X or Wayland client, the server already does the hard work for us. It notifies us when the device’s state changes, and we can simply use what it tells us (the necessary information usually comes in a form of some “state changed” event):

changed = xkb_state_update_mask(state,
                                event->depressed_mods,
                                event->latched_mods,
                                event->locked_mods,
                                event->depressed_layout,
                                event->latched_layout,
                                event->locked_layout);

Now that we have an always-up-to-date xkb_state, we can examine it. For example, we can check whether the Control modifier is active, or whether the Num Lock LED is active:

if (xkb_state_mod_name_is_active(state, XKB_MOD_NAME_CTRL,
                                 XKB_STATE_MODS_EFFECTIVE) > 0)
    <The Control modifier is active>
 
if (xkb_state_led_name_is_active(state, XKB_LED_NAME_NUM) > 0)
    <The Num Lock LED is active>

And that’s it! Eventually, we should free the objects we’ve created:

xkb_state_unref(state);
xkb_keymap_unref(keymap);
xkb_context_unref(ctx);

Code for a Wayland server

The code is very similar to the evdev client presented hereinabove. The main difference is the use of the xkb_state_machine API instead of the xkb_state API.

#include <xkbcommon/xkbcommon.h>
 
int new_keyboard(…)
{
    /*
    * Initialize the context
    */
 
    struct xkb_context *ctx;
 
    ctx = xkb_context_new(XKB_CONTEXT_NO_FLAGS);
    if (!ctx) <error>
 
    struct xkb_keymap *keymap;
    /* Example RMLVO for Icelandic Dvorak. */
    struct xkb_rule_names names = {
        .rules = NULL,
        .model = "pc105",
        .layout = "is",
        .variant = "dvorak",
        .options = "terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp"
    };
 
    /*
    * Initialize the keymap
    */
 
    keymap = xkb_keymap_new_from_names2(ctx, &names,
                                        XKB_KEYMAP_FORMAT_TEXT_V1,
                                        XKB_KEYMAP_COMPILE_NO_FLAGS);
    if (!keymap) <error>
 
    /*
    * Initialize the keymap
    */
 
    struct xkb_state_machine *state_machine;
 
    state_machine = xkb_state_machine_new(keymap, NULL);
    if (!state_machine) <error>
 
    struct xkb_event_iterator *events;
 
    events = xkb_event_iterator_new(ctx, XKB_EVENT_ITERATOR_NO_FLAGS);
    if (!events) <error>
 
    char *keymap_string =
        xkb_keymap_get_as_string(keymap, XKB_KEYMAP_FORMAT_TEXT_V1);
    <send keymap to the clients>
    free(keymap_string)
 
    <save the objects for further use>
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
 
int destroy_keyboard(…)
{
    xkb_event_iterator_destroy(events);
    xkb_state_machine_unref(state_machine);
    xkb_keymap_unref(keymap);
    xkb_context_unref(ctx);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
 
int handle_key(…)
{
    /*
     * Update the state machine with the key event
     */
 
    enum xkb_key_direction direction = (<key release>)
        ? XKB_KEY_UP
        : XKB_KEY_DOWN;
    int ret =
        xkb_state_machine_update_key(state_machine, events, keycode, direction);
    if (ret) <error>
 
    /*
     * Process the generated XKB events
     */
 
    const struct xkb_event *event;
    while ((event = xkb_event_iterator_next(events)) != NULL) {
        const enum xkb_event_type event_type =
            xkb_event_get_type(event);
        switch (event_type) {
            case XKB_EVENT_TYPE_KEY_DOWN:
            case XKB_EVENT_TYPE_KEY_UP: {
                const xkb_keycode_t kc = xkb_event_get_keycode(event);
                const enum xkb_key_direction direction =
                    (event_type == XKB_EVENT_TYPE_KEY_UP)
                        ? XKB_KEY_UP
                        : XKB_KEY_DOWN;
                <send key event to clients>
            }
            case XKB_EVENT_TYPE_COMPONENTS_CHANGE: {
                const enum xkb_state_component =
                    xkb_event_get_changed_components(event);
                if (changed) {
                    const xkb_mod_mask_t depressed_mods =
                        xkb_event_serialize_mods(event, XKB_STATE_MODS_DEPRESSED);
                    const xkb_mod_mask_t latched_mods =
                        xkb_event_serialize_mods(event, XKB_STATE_MODS_LATCHED);
                    const xkb_mod_mask_t locked_mods =
                        xkb_event_serialize_mods(event, XKB_STATE_MODS_LOCKED);
                    const xkb_layout_index_t depressed_layout =
                        xkb_event_serialize_layout(event, XKB_STATE_LAYOUT_DEPRESSED);
                    const xkb_layout_index_t latched_layout =
                        xkb_event_serialize_layout(event, XKB_STATE_LAYOUT_LATCHED);
                    const xkb_layout_index_t locked_layout =
                        xkb_event_serialize_layout(event, XKB_STATE_LAYOUT_LOCKED);
                    <send modifiers event>
                }
                break;
            }
            default:
                <report unhandled event>
        }
    }
}